Society & Technology journal publishes novel and high-quality articles that focus on the field of Humanities and Social Sciences. The journal is aimed at scientists working in research institutes, universities, governmental institutions or non-governmental organizations and private companies. The aim of the journal is to create a learning environment in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences. In addition, we will publish research on new and interesting topics in the following sections: Education and Assessment, Language and Literature, Media and Journalism, Computer Applications, Politics and Governance, Psychology, Social Work, Sociology and Economics, and Business and Management. Another objective is to increase scientific productivity in the fields of research in Humanities and Social Sciences. There are no economic charges for the edition and publication of articles in the magazine. Society & Technology receives and publishes articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese.
Algorithmic management and the representation gap: digital labour platforms and worker organisation in algerian cities
The expansion of digital labour platforms in Algerian cities has increased the use of algorithmic management systems that regulate workers’ performance, monitoring, and task allocation. The objective of this study was to examine how algorithmic management affects the representational capacity of trade unions and civil society organisations, identify emerging collective responses among platform workers, and assess the gap between traditional organisational frameworks and new forms of digital employment. The methodology adopted a critical mixed-methods design combining a survey of 280 platform workers in Algiers, Oran, and Annaba, 40 semi-structured interviews, and four months of netnographic observation across six digital worker networks. The results revealed that 86.4% of participants lacked effective organisational representation, while delivery workers experienced the highest levels of algorithmic control. Informal digital networks demonstrated greater mobilisation capacity than trade unions across several dimensions of collective power, although their sustainability remained limited. The study concludes that platform workers in Algeria face a structural representation deficit caused by the absence of institutional frameworks and technical capacities adapted to algorithmic management. A hybrid partnership model between formal organisations and digital networks is proposed to strengthen worker representation in platform-based labour markets
algorithmic management; platform work; union representation; digital collective action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelmalik Medjadba, Mohamed Messika, Yacine Hachouf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Professional identity as a barrier to agile management adoption in algerian public administration: the IBAM model
This study aimed to examine whether professional identity constitutes a direct and indirect barrier to agile management adoption among Algerian civil servants and to develop the Identity Barrier to Agility Model (IBAM) as an empirically grounded explanatory framework. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. Data were collected from 384 civil servants across five Algerian provinces through a standardized questionnaire using multi-stage stratified random sampling. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with bootstrapped mediation analyses based on 5,000 resamples was applied to test the proposed model, while 24 semi-structured interviews provided qualitative contextualization of the quantitative findings. The results revealed high levels of professional identity and substantial resistance to agile management adoption. Performative compliance emerged as the dominant form of resistance. SEM analysis demonstrated that professional identity exerted a significant direct effect on agility resistance and indirect effects through routine attachment, fear of privilege loss, and agile self-efficacy deficits. The model explained 58.1% of the variance in resistance. Leadership support significantly weakened the relationship between professional identity and resistance, although it did not eliminate it. Senior executives reported the highest levels of performative compliance despite displaying lower overt resistance. The study concludes that professional identity functions as a multidimensional barrier to agile management adoption in Algerian public administration. Resistance is expressed primarily through performative compliance rather than explicit opposition, suggesting that reform evaluations based solely on visible adoption indicators may underestimate underlying resistance dynamics
agile management; professional identity; performative compliance; public sector reform
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustapha Bedjekina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
La desinformación en salud digital entre la juventud argelina: patrones de consumo, configuraciones de confianza y brechas en las políticas públicas
La rápida difusión de la desinformación en salud a través de plataformas digitales representa un desafío creciente para los sistemas sanitarios. En Argelia, donde el uso de redes sociales entre los jóvenes es elevado, persiste una limitada comprensión de los factores que influyen en la aceptación y circulación de información sanitaria engañosa. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar cómo los jóvenes argelinos consumen, resisten y reproducen la desinformación en salud digital, así como evaluar la capacidad de las políticas de comunicación sanitaria para responder a estos patrones. La metodología se basó en un diseño mixto convergente que integró una encuesta estratificada aplicada a 312 participantes de cuatro wilayas argelinas, la escala eHEALS para medir alfabetización digital en salud, 40 entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuatro grupos focales y seis meses de observación netnográfica en grupos de WhatsApp y páginas de Instagram y TikTok. Los resultados mostraron que WhatsApp fue la principal fuente de información sanitaria (37,5%), mientras que los sitios web oficiales fueron utilizados por apenas el 2,9% de los participantes. La puntuación media en eHEALS fue de 21,29/40 (DE=5,18), observándose diferencias significativas entre participantes rurales y urbanos. Además, la confianza institucional medió parcialmente la relación entre alfabetización digital y susceptibilidad a la desinformación. Las conclusiones indican que la vulnerabilidad frente a la desinformación está asociada principalmente a déficits de confianza institucional más que a limitaciones de alfabetización informacional, lo que evidencia la necesidad de estrategias de comunicación sanitaria centradas en la construcción de confianza y no únicamente en la difusión de información.
health misinformation; digital health literacy; institutional trust; Algerian youth
Copyright (c) 2026 Omar Benchaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Precautionary measures in protection actions and effective judicial protection
Literature constitutes a fundamental tool for the cultural, critical, and identity development of students; however, its teaching in secondary education is often limited by traditional approaches focused on historical and memorization-based aspects. In this context, the objective of this study was to propose pedagogical strategies for integrating Ecuadorian literature into secondary school classrooms as a global window that strengthens students’ critical, cultural, and reflective development. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a descriptive-propositional scope. A documentary review of scientific literature, curricular documents, and studies related to literature teaching was carried out, complemented by the application of the Delphi method with six experts in education, literature, and curriculum design, who participated in two rounds of consultation aimed at reaching consensus on criteria for text selection, teaching strategies, and competencies to be developed. The results revealed the need to select literary works based on their pedagogical relevance, cultural diversity, and capacity to connect local issues with global challenges. Likewise, strategies based on active learning methodologies, intercultural comparison of literary works, and the use of digital resources were identified as effective in fostering critical thinking, intercultural competence, and cultural identity. It is concluded that Ecuadorian literature can be consolidated as a pedagogical tool capable of connecting national realities with global contexts, thereby contributing to a comprehensive and meaningful educational experience in secondary education
literature education, education, Latin American literature, secondary education, literature education
Copyright (c) 2026 Gardenia Pilar Vélez-Bravo, Julio Adrían Alvarado-Vélez, Brigitte Villacrés-Malla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Empathy and consistency: the keys for influencers to influence the purchasing decisions of Generation Z
This study analyzes the association between the empathy and consistency components of influencers with a presence on digital media and the purchase decisions of individuals belonging to Generation Z. A quantitative methodology was employed, and a questionnaire was administered to 625 Generation Z individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Structural equation modeling was used for the multivariate analysis, enabling the estimation of regression coefficients, correlations among variables, and the assessment of the relationships between the components involved. The findings indicate that influencer empathy and consistency are positively correlated and, together, have a significant effect on the purchase decisions of Generation Z consumers. These individuals actively follow content, messages, product and service recommendations, as well as opinions on trending topics shared by influencers through the digital platforms on which they maintain a presence. The results highlight the importance of influencers' commitment and responsibility toward this generational group. By providing valuable and useful content, influencers can strengthen trust and credibility among their audiences, furthermore, commercial brands and organizations have identified influencers as strategic partners and influential figures capable of reaching target audiences effectively, enhancing communication processes and facilitating the attraction of new digital users who may become part of their target market.
Social media, opinion leader, digital audience, digital influence, digital communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Isaac Cruz Estrada, Dra. Ana María Miranda Zavala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Life and career projects in upper secondary education: a systematic literature review
This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review on life and career planning among high school students, identifying relevant theoretical approaches, methodologies, and findings. The research was carried out using the PRISMA methodology and a review of 30 sources obtained from databases such as Scopus, SciELO, Latindex, Redalyc, and Dialnet. The results show that life planning strengthens motivation, self-awareness, decision-making, and school retention. Furthermore, socioeconomic, familial, emotional, and institutional factors were identified as significantly influencing the development of academic and professional goals. The review also highlighted the importance of socio-emotional skills, emotional intelligence, and vocational guidance in fostering students' holistic development. It is concluded that educational institutions should strengthen support and guidance strategies that enable young people to develop life plans aligned with their interests, abilities, and social context.
life project, vocational guidance, upper secondary education, educational trajectories
Copyright (c) 2026 Linda Esmeralda Ramírez-Abrego https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of artificial intelligence on the tax efficiency of the ecuadorian Internal Revenue Service (SRI) during the period 2024-2026
Tax evasion and the tax gap pose significant challenges to Ecuador's public finances, affecting the sustainability of the General State Budget and limiting investment capacity for economic and social development. In response to this problem, the Internal Revenue Service (SRI), under Executive Decree No. 881, implemented artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems, called Orion and Falcon, to strengthen tax audit processes and optimize tax collection. The objective of this research was to analyze the impact of AI application on the efficiency of Ecuadorian tax administration during the period 2024-2026. The methodology was developed using a quantitative approach, with a descriptive-correlational scope and a non-experimental design, based on the documentary analysis of official statistical records issued by the SRI. The results show a shift in the historical trend of tax collection starting in 2025, following the incorporation of AI tools. Net tax collection registered year-on-year growth of 18.8% in 2025 and 9.21% during the first four months of 2026. Income tax revenue increased by 16.7%, and value-added tax by 16.2%. It is concluded that AI has contributed to strengthening tax efficiency; however, a specific regulatory framework for its application remains lacking. Furthermore, a cumulative increase of up to USD 8.5 billion in tax collection is projected by 2030.
artificial intelligence; tax administration; tax collection; tax evasion
Copyright (c) 2026 Dayana Fernanda Ulcuango-Guanolema https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Teaching linear equations through duval’s semiotic registers: didactic strategies in tenth grade.
The teaching of algebra, particularly linear equations, faces persistent challenges due to traditional practices that prioritize the mechanization of algorithms over conceptual understanding. Addressing this reality, this research was grounded in Duval’s theory of semiotic registers to strengthen mathematical thinking. The primary objective was to analyze the impact of implementing instructional strategies, based on the coordination of multiple representations, on the understanding and resolution of linear equations among tenth-grade students. Methodologically, the study adopted a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental pretest and posttest design, applied to a purposive sample of 60 students. During the intervention, activities designed to foster conversion and treatment among algebraic, graphic, verbal, and tabular registers were implemented. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in student academic performance and a notable reduction in errors associated with the interpretation of equalities and transposition processes. It is concluded that moving beyond single-register instruction fosters deep learning, validating the relevance of these strategies for developing solid algebraic competencies at the secondary level.
Linear equations, Duval's semiotic registers, Teaching strategies, Algebraic thinking, Algebra, Semiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roberto Paúl Sinilín-Quimuña, Wilmer Alberto Lapo-Lima, Maricela Elizabeth Sánchez-Morante https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Legal recognition of same-sex adoption in Ecuador: a constitutional and comparative analysis
Same-sex adoption is one of the most relevant issues in contemporary family law due to its legal, social, and constitutional implications regarding equality and human rights. This research aimed to analyze the legal and constitutional viability of recognizing same-sex adoption in Ecuador by studying the national legal framework and comparing it with legal systems that have recognized this right. The methodology employed a qualitative, descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, primarily using a review of constitutional norms, national legislation, international human rights treaties, jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador, and comparative experiences from Argentina, Colombia, and Spain. The results demonstrate that the restriction contained in Article 68 of the Ecuadorian Constitution creates a legal tension with the principles of equality and non-discrimination, as well as with international human rights standards. Furthermore, comparative analysis demonstrates that same-sex adoption has been successfully incorporated into various legal systems without compromising the best interests of the child, prioritizing parental suitability criteria over the sexual orientation of the adoptive parents. It is concluded that the legal recognition of same-sex adoption in Ecuador is a measure compatible with constitutional principles and the international commitments assumed by the State, promoting the comprehensive protection of children, family diversity, and substantive equality.
same-sex adoption, equality and non-discrimination, best interests of the child, diverse families, human rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nathaly Mishell Sigcha-Tituaña, Andrés Sebastián Panchi-Cerón https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of Chinese textile imports on the development of the garment industry in El Oro, 2025
The objective of this research was to describe the effects of Chinese textile imports on the development of the apparel industry in the province of El Oro, Ecuador, during 2025. The study followed a quantitative approach with qualitative support and was applied, descriptive, field-based, non-experimental, and cross-sectional. A survey was administered to 10 representatives of companies, microenterprises, and workshops in the apparel sector, selected through non-probabilistic, intentional sampling. The results showed that Chinese textile products, marketed through formal and informal channels, digital platforms, the 4x4 courier regime, and border smuggling, exert pressure on profitability, production, competitiveness, and employment generation in the local sector. Most respondents reported negative effects on profit margins, limitations on new hiring, and insufficient institutional support. It is concluded that Chinese imports constitute a relevant factor in commercial pressure; however, their effects are intensified by internal sectoral weaknesses, such as low technological development, limited financing, insufficient innovation, and weak productive associativity.
imports; Chinese textiles; apparel industry; competitiveness; El Oro.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leidy Karolina Macas-Nagua, Irina Anahi Sares-Saldaña, Johanna Pizarro-Romero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dual learning in the training of accounting professionals: a comprehensive analysis of its benefits, challenges, and future prospects
Dual Learning (DL) is presented as a promising strategy for training competent accounting professionals prepared for the challenges of today's business environment. The objective of this review article is to comprehensively analyze the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of DL in the training of new accountants. A thorough review of the scientific and academic literature related to the topic was conducted, including research articles, case studies, and documents from international organizations. The results of the review indicate that DL offers numerous benefits for accounting students, such as the development of technical and soft skills, familiarization with up-to-date accounting software and tools, an understanding of the actual functioning of accounting departments, and the opportunity to establish professional contacts. However, the implementation of DL also presents challenges, such as the need to ensure relevant and up-to-date learning experiences, adapt study programs, overcome resistance from some companies, and guarantee adequate supervision of students. It is concluded that dual learning is a valuable strategy for training competent accountants prepared for the job market, but close collaboration between educational institutions and companies is required to overcome the challenges and maximize the benefits of this educational methodology
Dual learning, dual training, accounting, professional internships, job placement
Copyright (c) 2026 Ena Karina Mero-Castro, Glenda Vanessa Ojeda-Urrego, Ida María Hernández-Ciriano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Labor outsourcing in Ecuador: legal analysis of its limits and effects on the guarantee of the right to decent work
Labor outsourcing has been one of the most controversial phenomena in Ecuadorian labor law due to its close relationship with labor precariousness and the weakening of effective protection of workers’ rights. In response to these issues, Ecuador’s legal framework—starting with the 2008 Constitution and Constituent Mandate No. 8—established an explicit prohibition of labor intermediation and outsourcing in core business activities, aiming to guarantee the right to decent work. However, in practice, hidden forms of outsourcing persist through the use of civil and service contracts that simulate autonomous relationships while concealing true dependent labor relations. The objective of this research is to legally analyze the limits and effects of labor outsourcing in Ecuador, evaluating the effectiveness of the current regulatory framework, the role of the primacy of reality principle, and the impact of administrative and judicial control mechanisms in ensuring the right to decent work. The methodology adopted is qualitative, with a legal-dogmatic design, based on normative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential analysis, including the study of ILO Recommendation No. 198 and relevant rulings of the Constitutional Court. The findings show that, despite regulatory progress, the formal prohibition of outsourcing has not eliminated labor precariousness but has instead shifted it toward more complex and less visible contractual arrangements. It is concluded that weak labor inspection mechanisms, the high burden of proof in judicial proceedings, and the limited application of the primacy of reality principle favor the persistence of disguised labor relationships and the evasion of responsibility by the real employer.
Labor outsourcing, decent work, primacy of reality, contractual simulation, Ecuadorian labor law
Copyright (c) 2026 José Enrique Ruiz-Aguiar, José Luis Barrionuevo-Núñez, Germán Eduardo Carrera-Pérez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mediation as a preliminary requirement for initiating legal proceedings to collect an executory instrument
This study analyzes the legal and procedural feasibility of establishing mandatory pre-trial mediation as a procedural requirement for enforcement actions arising from negotiable instruments within the Ecuadorian legal system. Using a qualitative paradigm with a descriptive-explanatory scope, the analytical-synthetic method and normative exegesis were employed to evaluate the technical antinomy between constitutional expediency and the procedural rigidity of the General Organic Code of Procedures (COGEP). The unit of analysis comprised the jurisprudential and statistical diagnosis of the Civil Judicial Unit of the Tulcán Canton during the period 2024-2025. The findings revealed excessive litigation in the ordinary courts, eroding the principle of procedural economy, in contrast to a technical effectiveness of self-resolution exceeding 95%. A substantial economic efficiency is quantified, with the mediation mechanism reducing public spending by 72.2% per case compared to the jurisdictional enforcement phase. The research determined that the current optional nature of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods is insufficient to mitigate systemic overload. It concludes that there is an imperative need for legislative reform that establishes mediation as an "intelligent admissibility filter," providing the system with a restorative and expeditious justice structure without violating the core of the right to effective judicial protection.
Procedural requirements, Self-resolution, Negotiable instruments, Procedural economy, Effective judicial protection
Copyright (c) 2026 Byron Marcelo Pérez-Ortiz, Brayan Alexis Villarreal-Chiriboga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Judicial cooperation and auxiliary procedures: an analysis of letters rogatory and service by publication in ecuadorian civil procedure
Judicial cooperation is essential to ensuring the effectiveness of civil proceedings, especially when the parties involved are located outside the country. In Ecuador, letters rogatory and service by publication are procedural mechanisms that allow for the continuation of proceedings when personal service cannot be effected. This article aims to analyze the regulation and application of these instruments within the Ecuadorian legal system. The methodology employed was qualitative, based on a normative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential analysis of provisions contained in the General Organic Code of Procedures (COGEP), the Organic Code of the Judiciary (COFJ), the Organic Law of the Foreign Service, and various international instruments related to judicial cooperation. The results show that, although a broad legal framework exists to regulate these procedures, practical limitations persist, linked to dependence on diplomatic channels, a lack of uniformity in procedures, and the limited implementation of technological tools. These difficulties have led to the frequent use of summons by posting as an alternative mechanism. It is concluded that, while both instruments serve a relevant function in preventing the paralysis of the process, it is necessary to strengthen their application through regulatory harmonization, procedural standardization, and the incorporation of technological mechanisms that guarantee effective judicial protection and respect for due process.
cooperation, summons, due process, letter rogatory, judicial protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henry Bolívar López-Barreto, Carmen Cinthya Torres-Bilbao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The improper filing of the protection action and its impact on the procedural economy of constitutional justice
The study investigates how the improper use of the Action for Protection affects the procedural economy of Ecuadorian constitutional justice. To this end, a qualitative socio-legal approach was employed, supported by interviews with eight legal professionals and compared with aggregated data from the SATJE Portal. The results show that 7 out of 8 interviewees associate the improper use with confusion between constitutional violations and matters of mere legality, as well as improper claims such as declaring rights or using the guarantee as a shortcut. All 8 interviewees describe concrete effects on court workload and processing time, including delays in urgent cases. At the same time, the SATJE reflects a sustained influx of cases from 2022 to 2025 and a high rate of termination by resolution, which underscores the institutional weight of the phenomenon. Therefore, the study argues that the solution lies in regulating access with operational criteria, practical training, and guiding admissibility filters
Protection Action, procedural economy, constitutional justice, SATJE, misrepresentation
Copyright (c) 2026 Edwin Raúl Rivera-Llivisaca, Sonia Jackeline Analuisa-Núñez, Ramiro Javier Suárez-Venegas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Administrative activity of promotion and mediation: mechanism for judicial decongestion in civil matters
This study aimed to analyze the limited effectiveness of mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism for decongesting the Ecuadorian judicial system, and to propose an alternative aimed at strengthening its application through indirect state intervention. The research adopted a dogmatic-critical legal approach, based on the normative, doctrinal, and functional analysis of mediation within the Ecuadorian legal system, complemented by a study of judicial congestion and public policies related to the administration of justice. The results showed that, although mediation was conceived as a suitable mechanism for reducing the procedural burden on the courts, its implementation has faced limitations stemming from insufficient infrastructure, restricted coverage, and excessive dependence on direct state management—factors that have reduced its accessibility and social acceptance. Furthermore, it was identified that the proposal to establish mandatory mediation as a pre-trial requirement could distort the voluntary nature of this mechanism. It was concluded that strengthening mediation requires the active participation of the private sector through incentives and promotional measures implemented by the State, with the aim of expanding its reach, promoting its use, and contributing to the effective reduction of judicial congestion in Ecuador
Judicial congestion, mediation, administrative promotion activity, tax incentives
Copyright (c) 2026 Freddy Gonzalo Ramírez-Galindo, Ramiro Javiers Suárez-Venegas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Artificial intelligence in accounting and labor management: conceptual foundations for business analysis
Artificial intelligence has significantly transformed administrative and accounting processes within contemporary organizations, generating new opportunities and challenges related to business decision-making. The objective of this research was to analyze the role of artificial intelligence in accounting and labor management, with emphasis on its impact on information systems and organizational processes. Methodologically, the study was developed under a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental design, cross-sectional scope, and descriptive–analytical level. The population consisted of accounting professionals, and the sample included 45 accountants selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The data collection technique was a survey, and the instrument consisted of a structured Likert-scale questionnaire validated through expert judgment and reliability analysis using Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed a favorable perception regarding the impact of artificial intelligence on accounting efficiency, labor information analysis, and organizational competitiveness. Likewise, participants identified risks associated with automated errors, algorithmic biases, and technological dependence. It was concluded that artificial intelligence constitutes a strategic tool for business management; however, its implementation requires human supervision, organizational regulation, and the strengthening of professional digital competencies.
artificial intelligence, accounting management, labor management, decision-making
Copyright (c) 2026 María Delfina Espinoza-Apolo, Gina Gisella Cuenca-Paltán, Yolanda María Laines-Álvarez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
STEAM Approach as a Didactic Strategy to Strengthen the Teaching of Systems of Linear Equations in Upper Basic General Education
The teaching of systems of linear equations presents difficulties in Basic General Education due to their level of abstraction and the predominance of traditional methodologies focused on mechanical procedures; therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact of the STEAM approach as a didactic strategy in their teaching. The research was conducted under a quantitative approach, using a pre-experimental pretest–posttest design applied to 37 tenth-grade students, in which the pedagogical intervention integrated collaborative work, contextualized problem-solving, and the use of the technological tool GeoGebra, promoting active and meaningful learning. The results showed an improvement in academic performance, increasing from an average of 5.6 in the pretest to 8.0 in the posttest, while the paired Student’s t-test (t = 10.77; p < 0.001) confirmed statistically significant differences between both measurements; likewise, the learning gain calculated using Hake’s normalized gain index was at a medium–high level. In this sense, the study provides empirical evidence that the implementation of the STEAM approach, supported by technological tools, strengthens conceptual understanding and the development of problem-solving skills, contributing significantly to the didactics of mathematics in school contexts.
STEAM; systems of linear equations; mathematics learning; GeoGebra.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dennys Anibal Caiminagua-Iñaguazo, Edwin Efraín Infante-Rosillo, Gregory Edison Naranjo-Vaca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Metacognitive strategies to improve the interpretation of literary texts in high school students at quisapincha educational unit
The objective of this study was to design metacognitive strategies to strengthen the interpretation of literary texts among high school students at Quisapincha Educational Unit. The research was conducted under a quantitative approach with a descriptive and explanatory design through documentary analysis and fieldwork. The sample consisted of 53 students, 4 teachers, and 3 school administrators selected through probabilistic sampling and institutional criteria. Structured Likert-scale surveys were applied to collect information related to planning, monitoring, and evaluation processes during literary reading. The results showed that metacognitive strategies improved students’ comprehension and interpretation of literary texts, especially through reading monitoring and critical reflection activities. Likewise, pedagogical planning and teacher guidance positively influenced academic performance and students’ reflective participation. Differences associated with gender, sociocultural context, and reading motivation were also identified. It was concluded that metacognitive strategies constitute effective pedagogical tools to promote reading autonomy, critical thinking, and deep literary interpretation, provided that coordination exists among teachers, students, and the educational institution.
Metacognitive strategies, Literary interpretation, Critical Reading, High school education
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariela Viviana Morejón-Castro, Diego Alfonso Almeida-Galárraga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Procedural guarantees in the application of personal precautionary measures in the ecuadorian criminal process
This article examines procedural safeguards in the application of pretrial detention measures in the Ecuadorian criminal justice system, starting from the legal problem of the gap between the safeguards model established in the legislation and its practical application, especially in the recurrent use of pretrial detention. The general objective is to analyze the scope and effectiveness of these safeguards as limits on the State's punitive power, in order to determine whether their application respects the constitutional principles of due process, presumption of innocence, proportionality, and judicial reasoning. The research is conducted using a qualitative approach, through a doctrinal, normative, and jurisprudential analysis of the Ecuadorian criminal justice system, focusing on the interpretation of pretrial detention measures and their compatibility with constitutional and human rights standards. The main finding is that, despite the existence of a legal framework that guarantees safeguards, deficiencies persist in the reasoning behind judicial decisions and there is a tendency toward the excessive use of pretrial detention, which distorts its exceptional nature and violates fundamental rights. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the effective application of procedural guarantees, promoting a restrictive and proportionate interpretation of personal precautionary measures.
Due process, personal precautionary measures, procedural guarantees, presumption of innocence, Ecuadorian criminal process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bryan Fernando Chimborazo-Constante, Diana Maricela Bermúdez-Santana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Judicial review of proportionality in the adoption of civil precautionary measures in Ecuadorutelares civiles en el Ecuador
This study analyzed judicial review of proportionality in the adoption of civil precautionary measures in Ecuador, with the purpose of determining whether judges adequately applied the criteria of suitability, necessity, and proportionality in the strict sense, in accordance with constitutional standards. The research was conducted using a qualitative, dogmatic, and explanatory approach, based on doctrinal, normative, and jurisprudential analysis related to civil precautionary measures and the principle of proportionality. Exegetical, systematic, teleological, and comparative methods were used, as well as documentary and legal content analysis techniques applied to the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, the General Organic Code of Procedures, and relevant jurisprudence. The results showed that, although the principle of proportionality is recognized in the Ecuadorian legal system, deficiencies persist in judicial practice regarding the enhanced justification and systematic application of the proportionality test. This leads to disproportionate precautionary measures and unnecessary infringements of property and procedural rights. It was concluded that strengthening judicial oversight through uniform criteria, specialized training, and clear jurisprudential guidelines is essential to guarantee effective judicial protection, legal certainty, and respect for fundamental rights within the Ecuadorian civil precautionary system.
judicial oversight, precautionary measures, proportionality, effective judicial protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daira Meliza Otero-Getial, Fernando Andrés Montalvo-Ramos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of bolivian consumer behavior in response to rising prices of the basic food basket
This article examines how Bolivian consumers react to rising costs of the basic basket of goods from a microeconomic perspective. The analysis is qualitative, descriptive, and interpretive, based on a review of the available scientific literature as well as economic reports covering inflation, consumption, and Bolivia’s macroeconomic landscape. The results illustrate how price increases lead to a reconfiguration of consumption patterns in which the purchase of essential goods is prioritized, fewer non-essential goods are bought, and adaptive strategies—including substitutions and price comparisons—are employed. Furthermore, income and substitution effects are identified as the most significant factors explaining consumer behavior.
consumer behavior; inflation; basic basket of goods; microeconomic theory; Bolivia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wilder Sergio Chino-Guayga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Volume 9, Number 3 (2026) of the journal Sociedad & Tecnología (Society & Technology) brings together a selection of research that reflects the thematic, methodological, and geographical diversity that characterizes contemporary scientific production. The published articles address issues related to digital misinformation in health, public administration, algorithm-mediated work, international politics, artificial intelligence applied to education and tax administration, as well as studies focused on human development, reading, the economy, and digital communication. The participation of authors from Algeria, Iraq, Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador demonstrates the journal's international reach and impact, aimed at disseminating scientific knowledge and making it available to the global community. This issue reaffirms the journal's commitment to disseminating rigorous, interdisciplinary, and contextualized research capable of generating academic reflection and providing alternatives for addressing the social and technological challenges of the 21st century.
scientific internationalization, educational innovation, digital transformation, global knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2026 Martha Raquel Morán-Franco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
American institutionalism and the Austrian School: perspectives from two alternatives to the Mainstream
The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics, theoretical foundations, and contributions of two disruptive economic schools of thought in relation to the dominant economic paradigm: American Institutionalism and the Austrian School. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach, through a thematic review of the specialized literature. A descriptive scope was adopted, based on the systematic analysis of scientific bibliographic sources, with the purpose of identifying the main conceptual and methodological contributions of both schools of thought. The results show that both American Institutionalism and the Austrian School constitute heterodox economic schools of thought with differentiated approaches compared to the economic mainstream, offering alternative interpretive frameworks for understanding complex economic phenomena. Furthermore, both perspectives question traditional assumptions of conventional economic theory and highlight the relevance of institutional, cultural, historical, and subjective factors in economic processes. It is concluded that these schools of thought represent valid and complementary approaches for analyzing contemporary economic contexts, constituting theoretical alternatives that enrich academic debate and contribute to a broader and more pluralistic understanding of economic reality
American institutionalism; austrian school; mainstream
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcelo Abad-Varas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Iranian Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The KRG as a Case Study
This study applies James N. Rosenau's Foreign Policy Analysis framework to examine the evolution of Iran's policy toward the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) from the establishment of Kurdish autonomy in northern Iraq in 1991 to the post-2017 independence referendum period. The main objective is to identify the factors that have shaped shifts and continuities in Iran's approach toward the KRG and to assess the explanatory value of Rosenau's idiosyncratic, role, governmental, societal, and systemic variables. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and historical-analytical approach based on the review of academic literature, official statements, policy documents, and secondary sources concerning Iran–KRG relations. The findings reveal that Iran's policy has evolved from a predominantly ideological orientation rooted in the principles of the Islamic Revolution toward a more pragmatic and increasingly preemptive security strategy driven by national security concerns, regional power competition, and domestic stability considerations. Particularly, the 2017 KRG independence referendum marked a critical turning point, prompting Iran to adopt a more assertive and preemptive coercive position, including the targeting and elimination of perceived threats within KRG territory, as a primary instrument of its security-centered regional policy. The analysis further demonstrates that, despite variations in presidential leadership styles from Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani to Masoud Pezeshkian, Iran's core objectives remained largely consistent due to the decisive influence of the Supreme Leader and security institutions, particularly the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The study concludes that governmental and systemic variables exert a greater influence than individual leadership traits in shaping Iran's long-term policy toward the KRG, and that the preemptive security dimension of this policy has become its defining feature in the post-referendum period
Iran foreign policy; Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG); James N. Rosenau; foreign policy analysis; pragmatism and ideology shift; preemptive security policy; coercive threat elimination; IRGC regional strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kardo Rached, kawsar Fattahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integration of artificial intelligence into teaching strategies for self-regulation of learning in elementary school students
The study aimed to analyze why the design of AI-mediated pedagogical strategies strengthens self-regulated learning in primary school students in rural contexts. It was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, with a descriptive scope and a crosssectional, non-experimental design. A structured questionnaire was administered to students, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers. Descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative processing were performed using specialized software. The results showed progress in the monitoring and self-reflection phases, but limitations in time management and seeking support, indicating a fragmented development of selfregulation. Furthermore, it was identified that, although teachers recognize the potential of AI to support feedback and formative assessment processes, its implementation is limited by structural and training factors. The study concluded that the impact of AI on self-regulation depends on its contextualized pedagogical integration, providing evidence from rural Colombia and highlighting the need to design educational interventions mediated by these technologies
self-regulated learning, artificial intelligence, rural education, educational innovation, teacher training
Copyright (c) 2026 Dahanny Stefanny Ramírez-Pabón, Lina Fernanda Betancourth-Valderrama, Viviana Andrea Hernández-López https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Beyond human relations: exploring informal power and soft control in contemporary organizations
This study examined the role of human relations in shaping informal power, soft control, and decision-making processes within contemporary organizations. A qualitative descriptive–analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation, allowing for an in-depth understanding of subtle organizational dynamics. The findings revealed that informal networks, trust, and professional alliances significantly influenced employee behavior, access to information, and organizational decisions. While these mechanisms enhanced collaboration, flexibility, and knowledge sharing, they also generated hidden pressures and potential inequalities when left unregulated. In contrast, formal bureaucratic structures contributed to fairness, transparency, and protection against arbitrary influence. The study concluded that human relations should be understood not merely as managerial tools but as structural mechanisms of informal authority that coexist with formal systems. The interaction between informal influence, soft control, and bureaucracy plays a critical role in organizational stability and effectiveness.
human relations, informal networks, organizational politics, soft power, bureaucracy, organizational authority, institutional stability
Copyright (c) 2026 Benlaib Belgacem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Provisional suspension as a preventive measure in judicial disciplinary proceedings: procedural gaps in Ecuador
This article aims to analyze the regulation of the preventive measure of provisional suspension in the Ecuadorian judicial disciplinary system, with an emphasis on the procedural gaps in the manual approved by Resolution No. 107-2022 of the Council of the Judiciary. The research problem was defined by the 2022 reform of the Organic Code of the Judiciary, which incorporated provisions on preventive measures; however, the current administrative instrument was not updated to harmonize these regulatory changes. Consequently, there is a clear lack of express regulation on essential aspects such as time limits, procedural phases, and the authority responsible for adopting provisional suspension. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach, employing a legal-dogmatic and comparative method, through the analysis of the Ecuadorian legal system and its comparison with the Colombian regulations contained in Law 1952 of 2019. The results reveal a normative disconnect between the reformed law and the current disciplinary manual, which generates discretionary margins in administrative action and potential violations of due process. It is concluded that the lack of specific regulations compromises the principles of legality, legal certainty, and proportionality. Furthermore, it is determined that the Colombian experience offers more protective normative parameters that could be considered to strengthen the Ecuadorian disciplinary regime.
provisional suspension, disciplinary law, due process, legal certainty, Ecuador
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcela Alexandra Vaca-Villota, Edward Fabricio Freire-Gaibor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Structural habeas corpus and the protection of the right to personal integrity in Ecuador
Structural habeas corpus is configured as an expanded form of traditional habeas corpus, applicable when not only is individual liberty affected, but there are systematic violations of rights within structural contexts. This research aimed to analyze the structural purpose of habeas corpus in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador and its effectiveness in protecting the right to personal integrity of persons deprived of their liberty. The study focused on Judgment No. 365-18-JH/21, which recognized widespread human rights violations within detention centers. The methodology adopted a qualitative approach, using a bibliographic-documentary research design, which allowed for the analysis of relevant constitutional norms, doctrine, and jurisprudence. The results showed that habeas corpus has evolved into a mechanism not only for individual protection but also for structural protection, aimed at correcting institutional shortcomings of the State within the prison system, particularly regarding living conditions and human dignity. It is concluded that, although this guarantee has been recognized in case law in its structural dimension, the Ecuadorian legal system has not yet developed it autonomously. Consequently, its scope and application remain under construction, which limits its consolidation as an effective tool against systematic human rights violations.
Habeas corpus; personal liberty; structural; legal security; due process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tania Gabriela Villacres-Lara, José Antonio Ruiz-Bautista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Standardization of chain of custody protocol in adversarial criminal proceedings: technical challenges and guarantees of evidentiary integrity
Chain of custody constitutes an essential mechanism within criminal proceedings, as it ensures the authenticity, integrity, and traceability of material evidence from its collection to its presentation in court. In the Ecuadorian criminal justice system, although the legal framework recognizes its importance, technical and operational deficiencies are evident in practice, affecting its proper implementation. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyze the technical challenges arising from the lack of a standardized chain of custody protocol, in order to assess its impact on evidentiary integrity and due process guarantees. The research was conducted under a qualitative approach, using a bibliographic-documentary design that allowed for the analysis of doctrinal, legal, and regulatory sources related to chain of custody and evidentiary activity. Additionally, an analytical-descriptive technique was applied to examine the theoretical and legal foundations governing evidence management within the Ecuadorian criminal system. The findings revealed that deficiencies in the application of chain of custody may lead to significant procedural consequences, such as the loss of evidentiary effectiveness and the potential exclusion of evidence at trial. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to strengthen the system through the standardization of technical protocols, continuous training of justice operators, and the implementation of control mechanisms to ensure evidentiary integrity and respect for due process.
Chain of custody, due process, evidentiary integrity, criminal evidence
Copyright (c) 2026 Jipson Eduardo Basantes-Merino, Luis Andrés Chimborazo-Castillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0