Un análisis de la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas en las escuelas y su relación con el origen social y el éxito académico infantil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51247/pdlc.v7i1.716Palabras clave:
Origen social, familia, éxito escolar.Resumen
El presente artículo analiza la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas en el ámbito escolar y su relación con el origen social de la familia y el éxito académico infantil. El objetivo principal fue examinar cómo los factores sociales, culturales y económicos asociados al origen familiar influyen en las trayectorias escolares de los niños, así como identificar los mecanismos que explican la persistencia de las desigualdades educativas dentro de la escuela. La metodología adoptada fue de carácter analítico-teórico y sociológico, basada en la revisión crítica de aportes clásicos y contemporáneos de la sociología de la educación. El estudio se apoyó especialmente en los enfoques de Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Claude Passeron, Basil Bernstein y Raymond Boudon, además de investigaciones empíricas previas que abordan la relación entre capital cultural, capital económico, prácticas familiares y rendimiento escolar. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de una fuerte correlación entre el origen social y el éxito académico, mostrando que los niños provenientes de familias con mayor capital cultural y económico poseen mayores probabilidades de éxito escolar. Asimismo, se observó que la escuela tiende a reproducir las desigualdades sociales mediante mecanismos de selección, currículos implícitos y modelos culturales dominantes que favorecen a los grupos socialmente privilegiados. En conclusión, el estudio sostiene que, si bien el origen social continúa siendo un factor determinante del éxito académico, no actúa de manera absoluta. Factores individuales, el compromiso familiar, las prácticas pedagógicas equitativas y la acción institucional orientada a la igualdad de oportunidades pueden contribuir a reducir las desigualdades educativas en el sistema escolar.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Baghdadbey Abdelkade
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